Dr. Gao, G.F.
Director - General & Professor
George Fu Gao

Director-General and Professor
Institute of Microbiology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
(IMCAS)
Dr. Gao, G.F.
Director - General & Professor
 
Correspondence Adrress:
           
            Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
            Beiyitiao No.13  Zhong Guan Cun, Haidian District
            Beijing100080, P. R. China
            Tel.: 86-10-62552178
            Fax:  86-10-62560912
            E-mail: gaof@sun.im.ac.cn                              
 
 
Brief Biograph

1979-1983, Shanxi Agricultural University, China, DVM, BSc
1983-1986, Beijing Agricultural University, China, MSc
1986 1991, College of Vet. Med., Beijing Agricultural University (BAU), China， Lecturer (Virology)
1991-1994, Oxford University, UK，PhD (DPhil-Oxon) （with Prof. David H L Bishop, Ernest A Gould）
1994 (3months), Calgary University, Canada, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, with Dr Robert B Bell
1995-1998, Oxford University, UK, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, with Prof. John I Bell, Prof. Andrew J McMichael and Dr Bent K Jakobsen
1999-2001, Harvard University, USA, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, with
Prof. Don C Wiley and Prof. Stephen C Harrison (Wellcome Trust (UK) International Travelling Fellow)
2001-2004, Oxford University, UK, Lecturer, Group leader
2004- , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,
Professor and Director-General,

Research Interests

Our lab is interested in protein-protein interactions related to molecular virology and molecular immunology.
Since Human Genome Project (HGP) has been completed, scientists pay their attention to Proteomics research gradually. It is significant to illustrate the mechanism of cell, even the whole life activity through resolving the interactions among proteins. In the process of protein interactions, protein conformational changes, which play an important role endue the same protein (primary sequence is the same) several functions. This partly explains why the open reading frame is far less than the one which people predicted before HGP was completed. We do relative research through several protein chemical technologies, biophysical technologies (eg. BIAcore SPR analysis, CD, etc), X-ray diffraction and NMR, Yeast Two-hybrid technology, technologies which can produce a large amount of proteins in vitro and all kinds of cellular biology technologies, etc.
On molecular level, immunology recognise of T-cell includes several interactions among proteins. One of them is between moleculars on T-cell and APC surface, another one is among proteins which take effect in signal transmission in cytosol. In recent years, research indicated that Toll-like receptors recognize carbohydrate, while the interaction between carbohydrate and protein receptors becomes much more important in innate immune. In order to work out the principle of these interactions, we can interfere immune system purposively to increase (in the condition of low immunity ) or decrease(pathological response over expression , eg. auto-immunity) immunity to prevent and treat diseases.
Viral infection is stemmed from the cells which are infected by viruses. In this process, protein-protein interactions, especially in envelope viruses, the interactions between integral membrane proteins in its envelopes and receptors (proteins or other substance) on cell surface influence the stabilization of cellular membrane, so that virus’s DNA or RNA can enter into cells. Since the interactions between proteins encoded by viruses and proteins existed in host cells play an important role in infection, it is significant and useful to search host proteins which interact with virus proteins for illustrating the molecular mechanism of diseases caused by varieties of viruses. According to the interactions between these proteins, we can do some further research and development on search the active substance which can block this process, thus, these kinds of diseases can be prevented and treated easily.

Grants

1. National Key Technologies R&D Program
2. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) “Hundred-talent Project”
3. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) President Foundation
4. The National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC)
5. The Key Project of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
6. National Program on Key Basic Research Projects (973) (Chief scientist)

Other Titles:

1. Visiting Professor, China Agriculture University
2. Guest Professor, Wu Han University
3. Vice-president, Asian Coneortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM)
5. Editorial board, 《Pharmaceutical Biotechnology》
6. Executive vice-President, Biotechnology Society of China
7. Executive Councilor, China Preventive Medicine Association.
 
Awards and Honors:

1988, Young Scientist Award—China Association for Science and Technology
1991, Sino British Friendship Scholarship Scheme (SBFSS) Fellowship of the British
Council
1998, UK Wellcome Trust International Travelling Fellowship
2002, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) “Oversea Outstanding
Young Scientist “(B Type).
2003, Ministry of Education, P. R. China , “Chun Hui Project”
2005, Chief Scientist, MOST 973 Project
2005, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (A Type)
 
Patents:

1. CD8 as an inhibitor of the cellular immune system, PCT/GB 98/03235 (1997) (with Gerth, U.C., Sewell, A.K., Bell , J.I. and Jakobsen, B.K.).
2. Soluble T cell receptor, PCT/GB 9810759.2 (1998) (with Willcox B.E., Boulter, J.M., Bell , J.I and Jakobsen, B.K.).
3. Heat-shock protein gp96 and HBV peptide complex used for HBV-induced hepatic carcinoma, PCT/CN01/00295 (2000) (with Meng, S.-D. and Tien, P.).
4. Potent peptide inhibitors for SARS coronavirus, 2003, China application No.03136220.6 (with Tien, P., Zhu, J., Xiao, G. & Zheng, C.).
 
 
Publication:

  1. Zheng Fan, Yue Zhuo, Xinyu Tan, Zhi Zhou, Jiangang Yuan, Boqin Qiang, Jinghua Yan, Xiaozhong Peng, George F. Gao*, 2006, SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein binds to hUbc9, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme of the sumoylation system, Journal Medical Virology (in press)

  2. David K Cole*, Pierre J Rizhallah, Jonathan M Boulter, Malkit Sami, Anne-lise Vuidepot, Meir Glick, Feng Gao, John I Bell, Bent K Jakobsen*, George F Gao*, 2006, Computational design and crystal structure of an enhanced affinity mutant human CD8aa co-receptor, PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (in press).

  3. Shibichakravarthy Kannan, Aaron Audet, Jessica Knittel, Saman Mullegama, George F.Gao and Min Wu, 2006, Src kinase Lyn is crucial for Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization into lung cells. European journal of Immunology,36:1739-1752

  4. Minghai Zhou, Dongping Xu, Xiaojuan Li, Hongtao Li, Ming Shan, Jiaren Tang, Min Wang, Fu-Sheng Wang, Xiaodong Zhu, Hua Tao, Wei He, Po Tien*, and George F Gao*，2006, Screening and Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus-Specific CTL Epitopes, Journal of Immunology, (in press)

  5. Jiaqi Tang*#, Changjun Wang#, Youjun Feng#, Weizhong Yang#, Huaidong Song#, Zhihai Chen#, Hongjie Yu#, Xiuzhen Pan, Xiaojun Zhou, Huaru Wang, Bo Wu, Haili Wang, Huamei Zhao, Ying Lin, Jianhua Yue, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaowei He, Feng Gao, Abdul Hamid Khan, Jian Wang, Guo-Ping Zhao, Yu Wang*, Xiaoning Wang*, Zhu Chen, George F Gao*， 2006，Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus suis serotype2. PLoS Medicine，3(5):668-676 (＃shared the first author)

  6. David K. Cole, Pierre J. Rizkallah, Feng Gao , Neil I. Watson, Jonathan M. Boulter, John I. Bell, Malkit Sami, George F. Gao * & Bent K. Jakobsen*.2006.Crystal structure of HLA-A*2402 complexed with a telomerase peptide. European Journal of Immunology. 36:170-179

  7. Li X, Liu X, Sun F, Gao J, Zhou H, Gao GF , Bartlam M, Rao Z. Crystal structure of the N-terminal SH3 domain of mouse betaPIX, p21-activated kinase-interacting exchange factor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 2006 Jan 6; 339(1):407-14

  8. Jinhua Liu＃, Haixia Xiao＃, Fumin Lei＃, Qingyu Zhu, Kun Qin, Xiaowei Zhang, Xinglin Zhang, Deming Zhao, Guihua Wang, Youjun Feng, Juncai Ma, Wenjun Liu, Jian Wang, George F. Gao*. 2005. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science.309:1206 (paper, som) (＃shared the first author)

  9. Ling Ni, Linqing Zhao, Yuan Qian, Jieqing Zhu, Zhibo Jin, Yu Wai Chen, Po Tien*, George F Gao*, 2005, Design and characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitors. Antiviral Therapy. 10:833-840

  10. Jieqing Zhu, Xiuli Jiang, Yueyong Liu, Po Tien, George F Gao.2005. Design and characterization of viral polypeptide inhibitors targeting Newcastle disease virus fusion. Journal of Molecular Biology.354:601-613

  11. Ling Ni a,b, Linqing Zhao c, George F. Gao a, Yuan Qian c,*, Po Tien a,* 2005.The antibodies directed against N-terminal heptad-repeat peptide of hRSV fusion protein and its analog-5-Helix inhibit virus infection in vitro. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 331:1358-1364

  12. Ling Ni a,b, George F. Gao a,*, Po Tien a,* Rational design of highly potent HIV-1 fusion inhibitory proteins: Implication for developing antiviral therapeutics. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 332:831-836

  13. Zheng Zhang, Dongping Xu, Yonggang Li, Lei Jin, Ming Shi, Min Wang, Xianzhi Zhou, Hao Wu, George F. Gao, Fu-Sheng Wanga,* 2005. Longitudinal alteration of circulating dendritic cell subsets and its correlation with steroid treatment in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical Immunology 116(3):225-35.

  14. Fuliang Chu ,Zhiyong Lou, Bin Gao, John I. Bell, Zihe Rao and George F. Gao*，2005，Complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of rhesus macaque MHC Mamu-A*01 complexed with an immunodominant SIV-Gag nonapeptide. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications F61: 614-616.

  15. Li,H., Zhou,M., Han,J., Zhu,X., Dong,T., Gao, G.F*, and Po Tien* , 2005, Generation of murine CTL by a hepatitis B virus-specific peptide and evaluation of the adjuvant effect of heat shock protein glycoprotein 96 and its terminal fragments. The Journal of Immunology Jan 1;174(1):195-204

  16. Gao, G.F. 2005, Filling the hole: evidence of a small molecule binding to the fusion core pocket in human respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14(2): 195-197

  17. Yuan, F., Lou, Z., Li, X., Chen, Y., John I. Bell, Rao, Z., Gao*, G.F. 2005，Refolding，crystallization and preliminary X-ray structural studies of the West Nile virus envelope(E) protein domain Ⅲ. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications F61，421-423

  18. Li, S., Zhu, J., Peng, Y., Cui, S., Wang, C., Gao*, G.F, Tien, P*. 2005, Characterization of BIV Env core: Implication for mechanism of BIV-mediated cell fusion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 329(2005) 603-609

  19. David K. Cole, Pierre J. Rizkallah, Malkit Sami, Nikolai M. Lissin, Gao, G.F., John I. Bell, Jonathan M. BBoulter, Meir Glick, Anne-Lise Vuidepot, Bent K. Jakobsen and Gao*, G.F. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray structural studies of a high-affinity CD8ααco-receptor to pMHC. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications F61

  20. Ni, L., Zhu, J., Zhang, J., Yan, M., Gao*, G.F., Po Tien*. 2005, Design of recombinant protein-based SARS-CoV entry inhibitors targeting the heptad-repeat regions of the spike protein S2 domain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 330：39-45.

  21. Wang, X., Bai, Y., Zhang, G., Zhao, J., Wang, M., Gao*, G.F. 2005, Structure and function study of paramyxovirus fusion protein heptad repeat peptides. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics(ABB) 436(2005)316-322

  22. Xu,D.,Zhang,Z.,Jin,L.,Chu,F.,Mao,Y.,Wang,H.,Liu,M.,Wang,M.,Zhang,L., Gao, G.F. and Wang,F.S.2005,Persistent shedding of viable SARS-CoV in urine and stool of SARS patients during the convalescent phase. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 24:165-171

  23. Xu, Y., Lou, Z., Liu, Y., Pang, H.., Tien, P., Gao, G.F. , & Rao*, Z., 2004 ， Crystal structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein fusion core. Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 279(47):49414-9

  24. Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Lou, Z., Qin, L., Li, X., Bai, Z., Tien, P., Gao*, G.F. & Rao*, Z., 2004, Structural basis for coronavirus-mediated virus membrane fusion: crystal structure of MHV spike protein fusion core, Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 279 (29):30514-22.

  25. Cole, D.K. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, CD8: Adhesion molecule, co-receptor and immuno-modulator (invited review), Cellular and Molecular Immunology 1 (2): 81-88.

  26. Pang, H., Bartlam, M., Zeng, Q., Miyatake, H., Hisano, T., Miki, K., Wong, L-L, Gao, G.F. & Rao, Z., 2004, Crystal structure of human pirin: an iron binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 279 (2): 1491-1498.

  27. Xu, D., Zhang, Z., Chu , F., Li, Y., Jin, L., Zhang, L., Gao, G.F. & Wang, F.-S., 2004, Genetic variation of SARS coronavirus in Beijing hospital, Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 (5): 789-794.

  28. Gao, G.F. , 2004, Just folding back: Convergence of viral fusion mechanisms (Monitor), Drug Discovery Today 9: 288.

  29. Xu, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Lou, Z., Yuan, F., Liu, Y., Cole, D.K., Ni, L., Su, N., Qin, L., Li, X., Bai, Z., Bell, J.I., Pang, H., Tien, P., Gao*, G.F. & Rao*, Z., 2004, Characterization of the heptad repeat regions, HR1 and HR2, and design of a fusion core structure model of the spike protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Biochemistry 43(44):14064-71.

  30. Zhu, X., Li, C., Lang, Z., Gao*, G.F. & Tien*, P., 2004, Significant correlation between expression level of HSP gp96 and the progression of hepatitis B virus induced diseases, World Journal of Gastroenterology 10 (8): 1141-1145.

  31. Xu, Y., Cole, D.K., Lou, Z., Liu, Y., Qin, L., Li, X., Bai, Z., Yuan, F., Rao*, Z. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004 ， Construct design, biophysical, and biochemical characterization of the fusion core from mouse hepatitis virus (a coronavirus) spike protein. Protein Expression and Purification 38(1):116-22.

  32. Xu, Y., Gao, S., Cole, D.K., Zhu, J., Su, N., Wang, H., Gao*, G.F. & Rao*, Z., 2004, Basis for fusion inhibition by peptides: analysis of the heptad repeat regions of the fusion proteins from Nipah and Hendra viruses, newly emergent zoonotic paramyxoviruses, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 315 (3): 664-670

  33. Zhu, J., Xiao, G., Xu, Y., Yuan, F., Zheng, C., Liu, Y., Cole, D.K., Yan, H., Bell, J.I., Rao, Z., Tien*, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, Following the rule: formation of the 6-helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 319: 283-288.

  34. Liu, Y., Zhu, J., Feng, M., Tien, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, Six-helix bundle assembly and analysis of the central core of mumps virus fusion protein. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (ABB) 421: 143-148.

  35. Yan, H., Xiao, G., Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Yuan, F., Cole, D.K., Zheng*, C. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, SARS coronavirus induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells, Journal of Medical Virology 73: 323-331.

  36. Xu, Y., Lou, Z., Liu, Y., Cole, D.K., Su, N., Qin, L., Li, X., Bai, Z., Rao, Z. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the fusion core from two new zoonotic paramyxoviruses, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography D60: 1161-1164 .

  37. Zhou, M., Xu, Y., Lou, Z., Cole, D.K., Li, X., Liu Y.,Tien, P., Rao*, Z. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of MHC H-2 k d complexed with an HBV core nonapeptide, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 60(Pt 8):1473-5.

  38. Wang, X., Xu, Y., Cole, D.K., Lou, Z., Liu, Y., Rao, Z., Wang*, M. & Gao*, G.F. , 2004, Biochemical, biophysical and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses of the fusion core of Sendai virus F protein, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 60(Pt 9):1632-5.

  39. Xu, Y., Bai, Z., Qin, L., Li, X., Gao*, G.F. & Rao*, Z., 2004, Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the fusion core of the spike protein of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 60 (Pt 11):2013-5.

  40. Xu, Y., Su, N., Qin, L.,Bai, Z., Gao, G.F. , & Rao*, Z., 2004, Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the heptad-repeat complex of SARS coronavirus spike protein. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography D60 (Pt 12 Pt 2):2377-9.

  41. 王晓佳，张卫红，汪明，高福， 2004 ，囊膜病毒膜融合的分子机制。 生物化学与生物物理进展 31 （ 6 ）： 482-491 。

  42. Yang, H., Yang, M., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Lou, Z., Zhou, Z., Sun, L., Mo, L.,Ye, S., Pang, H., Gao, G.F. , Anand, K., Bartlam, M., Hilgenfeld, R. & Rao, Z., 2003, The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 100 (23): 13190-13195.

  43. Ding, Y., Xu, G., Yang, M., Yao , M., Gao, G.F. , Wang, L., Zhang, W. & Rao, Z., 2003, Crystal structure of the ectodomain of human FcRI. Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 278 (30): 27966-27970. (with front cover illustration).

  44. Wang, E., Sun, X., Qian Y., Zhao, L., Tien, P. & Gao* , G.F. , 2003, Both heptad repeats of human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein are potent inhibitors of viral fusion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 302: 469-475.

  45. Zhu, J., Ding, Y., Gao, F., Wu, T., Zhang, C.W.-H., Tien, P., Rao, Z. & Gao* , G.F. , 2003, Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the trimer core from measles virus fusion protein. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography D59: 587-590.

  46. Li, P., Zhu, J., Wu, B., Gao, F., Tien, P., Rao, Z. & Gao*, G.F. , 2003, Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of post-fusion 6-helix bundle core structure from Newcastle disease virus F protein. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography D59: 1296-1298.

  47. Zhu, J., Li, P., Wu, T., Gao, F., Ding Y., Zhang, C.W.-H., Rao, Z., Gao*, G.F. & Tien*, P., 2003, Design and analysis of post-fusion 6-helix bundle of heptad repeat regions from Newcastle disease virus F protein. Protein Engineering 16: 373-379. *Shared correspondence author

  48. Zhu, J., Zhang, C.W.-H., Rao, Z., Tien, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2003, Biochemical and biophysical analysis of heptad repeat regions from the fusion protein of Menangle virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. Archives of Virology 148: 1301-1316.

  49. Gao,* G.F. , Rao, Z. & Bell, J.I., 2002, Molecular coordination of a b T-cell receptors and coreceptors CD8 and CD4 in their recognition of peptide-MHC ligands. Trends in Immunology 23: 408-413. *Correspondence author

  50. Gao, G.F ., 2002, CD8 a a and CD8 a b : truly different? (News and comment). Trends in Immunology 23: 177.

  51. Gao, G.F. & Rao, Z., 2002, Seeing the change: TCR binds pMHC with an ‘induced-fit' (News and comment). Trends in Immunology 23: 281.

  52. Rao, Z. & Gao, G.F. , 2002, Lipid-antigen presentation by CD1 is crystal clear (News and comment). Trends in Immunology 23: 473.

  53. Jiang, S., Borthwick , N.J. , Morrison, P., Gao, G.F. & Steward, M.W., 2002, Virus-specific CTL responses induced by an H-2Kd-restricted, motif-negative 15-mer peptide from the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus . Journal of General Virology 83: 429-438.

  54. Yu, M., Wang, E., Liu, Y., Cao, D., Jin, N., Zhang, C.W.-H, Bartlam, M., Rao, Z., Tien, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2002, Six-helix bundle assembly and characterization of heptad repeat regions from the F protein of Newcastle disease virus . Journal of General Virology 83: 623-629.

  55. Zhu, J., Zhang, C.W.-H., Qi, Y., Tien, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2002, The fusion protein core of measles virus forms stable coiled coil trimer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (BBRC) 299: 897-902.

  56. Meng, S.-D., Song, J., Rao, Z., Tien, P. & Gao*, G.F. , 2002, Three-step purification of gp96 from human liver tumor tissues suitable for isolation of gp96-bound peptides. Journal of Immunological Methods 264: 29-35.

  57. Meng, S.-D., Gao, T., Gao*, G.F. & Tien*, P., 2001, HBV-specific peptide associated with heat-shock protein gp96. The Lancet 357: 528-529. *Shared correspondence author

  58. Lin, C.-L., Sewell, A.K., Gao, G.F. , Whelan, K., Phillips, R.E. & Austyn, J.M., 2000, Macrophage-tropic HIV induces and exploits dendritic cell chemotaxis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 192: 587-593.

  59. Gao, G.F. , Willcox, B.E., Wyer, J.R., Boulter, J.M., O'Callaghan, C.A., Maenaka, K., Stuart, D.I., Jones, E.Y., van der Merwe, P.A., Bell, J.I. & Jakobsen, B.K., 2000, Classical and nonclassical class I major histocompatibility complex molecules exhibit subtle conformational differences that affect binding to CD8αα Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 275: 15232-15238.

  60. Gao,* G.F. & Jakobsen, B.K., 2000, Molecular interactions of coreceptor CD8 and MHC class I: the molecular basis for functional coordination with the T-cell receptor. Immunology Today 21 (12): 630-636. *Correspondence author

  61. Sewell, A.K., Gerth, U.C., Price, D.A., Purbhoo, M.A., Boulter, J.M., Gao, G.F. , Bell, J.I., Phillips, R.E. & Jakobsen, B.K., 1999, Antagonism of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation by soluble CD8. Nature Medicine 5: 399-404.

  62. Wyer* J.R., Willcox*, B.E., Gao*, G.F. , Gerth, U.C., Davis, S.J., Bell, J.I., van der Merwe, P.A. & Jakobsen, B.K., 1999, T cell receptor and coreceptor CD8 a a bind peptide-MHC independently and with distinct kinetics. Immunity 10: 219-225. *Shared first author

  63. McGuire, K., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F. , Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1998, Tracing the origins of louping ill virus by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Journal of General Virology 79: 981-988.

  64. Gao, G.F. , Gerth, U.C., Wyer, J.R., Willcox, B.E., O'Callaghan, C.A., Zhang, Z.H., Jones, E.Y., Bell, J.I. & Jakobsen, B.K., 1998, Assembly and crystallization of the complex between the human T cell coreceptor CD8 a homodimer and HLA-A2. Protein Science 7: 1245-1249.

  65. Willcox*, B.E., Gao*, G.F. , Wyer, J.R., Ladbury, J.E., Bell, J.I., Jakobsen, B.K. & van der Merwe, P.A., 1999, TCR binding to peptide-MHC stabilizes a flexible recognition interface. Immunity 10: 357-365. *Shared first author

  66. Maenaka, K., Juji, T., Nakayama, T., Wyer, J.R., Gao, G.F. , Maenaka, T., Zaccai, N.R., Kikuchi, A., Yabe, T., Tokunaga, K., Tadokoro, K., Stuart, D.I., Jones, E.Y. & van der Merwe, P.A., 1999, Killer cell immunoglobulin receptors and T cell receptors bind peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex class I with distinct thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) 274: 28329-28334.

  67. Willcox*, B.E., Gao*, G.F. , Wyer, J.R., O'Callaghan, C.A., Jones, E.Y., van der Merwe, P.A., Bell, J.I. & Jakobsen, B.K., 1999, Production of soluble a b T-cell receptor heterodimers suitable for biophysical analysis of ligand binding. Protein Science 8: 2418-2423. *Shared first author

  68. Gao, G.F. , Tormo, J., Gerth, U.C., Wyer, J.R., McMichael, A.J., Stuart, D.I., Bell, J.I., Jones, E.Y. & Jakobsen, B.K., 1997, Crystal structure of the complex between human CD8 a a and HLA-A2. Nature 387: 630-634. (with front cover illustration and short title in the front cover page: CD8 comes to grips with MHC).

  69. Gao, G.F. , Zanotto, P.M.A., Holmes, E.C., Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1997, Molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus. Acta Virologica 41: 259-268.

  70. Zanotto, P.M.A., Gould, E.A., Gao, G.F. , Harvey, P.H. &. Holmes, E.C., 1996, Population dynamics of flaviviruses revealed by molecular phylogenies. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 93: 548-553.

  71. Zanotto, P.M.A., Gao, G.F. , Gritsun, T.S., Marin, S., Jiang, W.R., Venugopal, K., Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1995, An arbovirus cline across the Northern Hemisphere. Virology 210: 152-159.

  72. Marin, M.S., McKenzie, J., Gao, G.F. , Reid, H.W., Antoniadis, A. & Gould, E.A., 1995, The virus causing encephalomyelitis in sheep in Spain : a new member of the tick-borne encephalitis group. Research in Veterinary Science 58: 11-13.

  73. Gao, G.F. , Hussain, M.H., Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1994, Identification of naturally occurring monoclonal antibody escape variants of louping ill virus. Journal of General Virology 75: 609-614.

  74. Gao, G.F. , Hussain, M.H, Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1993, Classification of a new member of the TBE flavivirus subgroup by its immunological, pathogenetic and molecular characteristics: identification of subgroup-specific pentapeptides. Virus Research 30: 129-144.

  75. Gao, G.F. , Jiang, W.R., Hussain, M.H., Venugopal, K., Gritsun, T.S., Reid, H.W. & Gould, E.A., 1993, Sequencing and antigenic studies of a Norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping ill virus outside Great Britain and Ireland. Journal of General Virology 74: 109-114.